Proof. Fix a rational r ≥ 1 and put f(t) = (1 + t)^r for t > −1, so that f′(t) = r(1 + t)^(r−1). If x = 0, both sides of the asserted inequality equal 1, and equality holds. We first record one estimate. Because r − 1 ≥ 0, (1 + c)^(r−1) ≥ 1 for c > 0, (1 + c)^(r−1) ≤ 1 for −1 < c < 0, and since r > 1 makes the exponent strictly positive, both estimates are then strict.
這一步的所求:先把 x = 0 這一格結清,再把整段證明唯一會用到的那個估計立起來。代值的部分沒有內容——(1 + 0)^r = 1 而 1 + r·0 = 1,等號成立,這也順便交出了「充要條件」裡比較容易的那個方向。估計那一句才是重點,而它要分成兩格看:若 r = 1,指數 r − 1 是 0,任何正數的零次方都是 1,兩個估計都恰好取等號;若 r > 1,令 s = r − 1 是正的有理數,函數 u ↦ u^s 在 u > 0 上的導數 s·u^(s−1) 為正,於是 §27-5 的 27.9(iv)(閉區間上連續而開區間內導數處處為正的函數嚴格遞增)說它嚴格遞增。把它用在 [1, 1 + c] 上(c > 0 時)得 (1 + c)^s > 1^s = 1;用在 [1 + c, 1] 上(−1 < c < 0 時,這一段因為 1 + c > 0 仍整個留在正半軸上)得 (1 + c)^s < 1。拿具體數字對一次:r = 3/2 時 s = 1/2,取 c = 115/81 ≈ 1.42 得 (1 + c)^(1/2) = 14/9 ≈ 1.556 ≥ 1,取 c ≈ −0.183 得 (1 + c)^(1/2) = 122/135 ≈ 0.904 ≤ 1。這兩個數字待會會再出現一次,因為它們正是均值定理交出來的那一點。
Suppose x > 0. Since f is continuous on [0, x] and differentiable on (0, x), Theorem 27.6 produces a point c with 0 < c < x such that (1 + x)^r − 1 = f′(c)·x = r(1 + c)^(r−1)·x. Because c > 0 we have (1 + c)^(r−1) ≥ 1, and multiplying by the positive number rx gives r(1 + c)^(r−1)·x ≥ rx. Therefore (1 + x)^r ≥ 1 + rx, the inequality being strict whenever r > 1.
Now suppose −1 < x < 0. Since f is continuous on [x, 0] and differentiable on (x, 0), Theorem 27.6 produces a point c with x < c < 0 such that 1 − (1 + x)^r = f′(c)·(0 − x) = r(1 + c)^(r−1)·(−x). Here 0 < 1 + c < 1, so (1 + c)^(r−1) ≤ 1; as −x is positive, multiplying gives r(1 + c)^(r−1)·(−x) ≤ r(−x) = −rx. Hence 1 − (1 + x)^r ≤ −rx, which rearranges to (1 + x)^r ≥ 1 + rx. Again the inequality is strict whenever r > 1.
Let α be rational with 0 < α < 1. Then x^α ≤ αx + (1 − α) for every x ≥ 0. Consequently a^α·b^(1−α) ≤ αa + (1 − α)b whenever a ≥ 0 and b > 0, with equality exactly when a = b.
第二句才是常用的形式,讀法是這樣:右邊 αa + (1 − α)b 是 a 與 b 依權重 α 與 1 − α 混成的平均,左邊 a^α·b^(1−α) 是同一組權重下的乘積版本,而不等式說平均永遠壓得住乘積。權重必須是 0 與 1 之間的有理數,兩個權重加起來恰好是 1——這一點在指數上也看得到:α + (1 − α) = 1。b > 0 這個前提是證明的路線要的,不是不等式本身的限制——第二句取 x = a/b 時要除以 b。b = 0 那一格得另外看,而看過之後結論照樣成立:左邊 a^α·0^(1−α) 是 0,右邊是 αa ≥ 0,不等式成立,且等號恰在 a = 0 時出現——與「等號的充要條件是 a = b」一致。a 倒是容許為 0:0^α = 0 是有定義的(有理冪定理的第一句涵蓋每個 y ≥ 0 的 q 次方根),這時左邊是 0、右邊是正數,不等式嚴格成立,而這與「等號的充要條件是 a = b」並不衝突——b > 0 時 0 與 b 本來就不相等。
證明計畫 · 由所求想起 所求是一條對每個 x ≥ 0 都成立的上界——改造成「函數 g(x) = αx − x^α 不小於 α − 1」,於是問題變成找 g 的最小值。 算 g 的導數,看它在哪裡變號:在 (0, 1) 上為負、在 (1, ∞) 上為正,最小值因此落在 x = 1,而 g(1) = α − 1。 x = 0 不走這條路——導數的討論只在 x > 0 上談得起來,那一格直接代值。 第二句取 x = a/b 再乘回 b;除法這一步就是 b > 0 的用途。
Proof. Let α be rational with 0 < α < 1 and set g(x) = αx − x^α for x ≥ 0. At x = 0 we have g(0) = 0, which exceeds α − 1 because α < 1. For x > 0 the rational power rule gives g′(x) = α − α·x^(α−1) = α(1 − x^(α−1)). Since α − 1 < 0, we get x^(α−1) > 1 for 0 < x < 1 and x^(α−1) < 1 for x > 1. Hence g′ < 0 on (0, 1) and g′ > 0 on (1, ∞).
Let 0 < x < 1. On [x, 1] the function −g is continuous with (−g)′ = −g′ > 0, so 27.9(iv) yields −g(x) < −g(1), that is g(x) > g(1). Let x > 1. On [1, x] we have g′ > 0, so 27.9(iv) yields g(1) < g(x). Since g(1) = α − 1, it follows that g(x) ≥ α − 1 for every x ≥ 0, with equality only at x = 1. Rearranging, x^α ≤ αx + (1 − α) for every x ≥ 0.
Finally let a ≥ 0 and b > 0, and put x = a/b, which is legitimate because b is not zero. The inequality just proved reads (a/b)^α ≤ α(a/b) + (1 − α). Multiply through by the positive number b. Since (a/b)^α = a^α/b^α and b/b^α = b^(1−α), the left-hand side turns into a^α·b^(1−α) and we reach a^α·b^(1−α) ≤ αa + (1 − α)b. Equality occurs precisely when x = 1, that is when a = b.
這一步的所求:把只含一個變數的不等式,換成兩個變數的對稱形式。換元本身很短,可是有兩件代數細節值得交代。第一件是 (a/b)^α = a^α/b^α:把 α 寫成 p/q,注意 (a^(1/q)/b^(1/q)) 取 q 次方後正好是 a/b,而非負的 q 次方根是唯一的(有理冪定理的第一句就在講這件事),所以它就是 a/b 的 q 次方根,兩邊再各取 p 次方即得。第二件是 b/b^α = b^(1−α),同樣由唯一性得到。b > 0 不是可以省的裝飾:x = a/b 這一步就是除法,b = 0 時連 x 都取不到,整條換元走不下去。a = 0 那一格則完全合法:x = 0,第一句在那裡給的是嚴格不等式,乘回 b 之後左邊是 0、右邊是 (1 − α)b > 0。最後,乘上正數 b 既不製造也不消滅等號,所以「等號 ⟺ x = 1」原封不動地變成「等號 ⟺ a = b」,兩個方向都通。
第一句是一個函數的最小值問題,第二句只是把它齊次化:把 1 換成 b、把 x 換成 a/b,形式立刻對稱起來。∎