Let X = (xₙ) be a sequence of real numbers that is monotone increasing, meaning x₁ ≤ x₂ ≤ ⋯ ≤ xₙ ≤ xₙ₊₁ ≤ ⋯. Then X converges if and only if it is bounded, and in that case lim (xₙ) = sup {xₙ}.
設實數列 X = (xₙ) monotone increasing(單調遞增),即 x₁ ≤ x₂ ≤ ⋯。則 X 收斂的充要條件是它 bounded;而收斂時極限恰是 sup {xₙ}(值集合的最小上界)。
Proof. Suppose X converges, say to x; boundedness is Lemma 14.6. Given ε > 0, Theorem 14.4 supplies K with x − ε ≤ xₙ ≤ x + ε for n ≥ K. Every term with n < K satisfies xₙ ≤ x_K ≤ x + ε by monotonicity, so x + ε is an upper bound and sup {xₙ} ≤ x + ε; and sup {xₙ} ≥ x_K ≥ x − ε. Hence |x − sup {xₙ}| ≤ ε for every ε > 0, which forces x = sup {xₙ}.
正方向的重點只有一件事:把 sup {xₙ} 夾進 [x − ε, x + ε] 這條窄帶裡。上界那半要小心——14.4 只管得到 n ≥ K 的項,前面的項要靠單調性補:因為數列只升不降,n < K 的項都不超過 x_K,而 x_K ≤ x + ε,所以 x + ε 罩得住全部的項,是個上界;最小上界自然不超過它。下界那半更直接:sup 至少不小於任何一項,而 x_K ≥ x − ε。最後那一步值得說清楚:一個非負的數若小於等於每一個正數,它只能是零——否則取 ε 為它自己的一半就矛盾。於是 x 與 sup {xₙ} 之間的距離是零。
Conversely, let X be monotone increasing and bounded. By the Supremum Property 6.4 the number x* = sup {xₙ} exists, and xₙ ≤ x* for all n. Given ε > 0, Lemma 6.3 says x* − ε fails to be an upper bound, so x* − ε < x_K for some K. Monotonicity then gives x* − ε < x_K ≤ xₙ ≤ x* for every n ≥ K, so |xₙ − x*| < ε there. Since ε was arbitrary, lim X = x*.
Let X = (xₙ) be a sequence of real numbers that is monotone decreasing, meaning x₁ ≥ x₂ ≥ ⋯. Then X converges if and only if it is bounded, and in that case lim (xₙ) = inf {xₙ}.
Proof. If X decreases then Y = (−xₙ) increases, since xₙ ≥ xₙ₊₁ gives −xₙ ≤ −xₙ₊₁. Also |−xₙ| = |xₙ|, so Y is bounded exactly when X is. Theorem 16.1 therefore makes Y convergent precisely when it is bounded, with lim (−xₙ) = sup {−xₙ}. Multiplying by −1 — legitimate by Theorem 15.6(b) — and using inf S = −sup(−S) from Theorem 6.5, we get that X converges exactly when bounded, with lim (xₙ) = inf {xₙ}.