Let X = (xₙ) and Y = (yₙ) be sequences in ℝ with yₙ ≠ 0 for all sufficiently large n ∈ ℕ. X and Y are equivalent, written X ~ Y, in case lim (xₙ/yₙ) = 1. X is of lower order of magnitude than Y, written X = o(Y), in case lim (xₙ/yₙ) = 0. X is dominated byY, written X = O(Y), in case the sequence (xₙ/yₙ) is bounded.
Let X, Y, Z be sequences in ℝ whose terms are non-zero for all sufficiently large indices. (a) The relation ~ is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. (b) Either X ~ Y or X = o(Y) implies X = O(Y). (c) The relations X = o(Y) and Y = o(X) cannot both hold.
三條都在商數列上算。以下把 X 對 Y 的商數列記為 (xₙ/yₙ),並且只在下標夠大的範圍內討論——那裡分母都非零,而 15.3 保證只看尾巴不影響任何結論。
Proof. (a) Reflexivity is clear since xₙ/xₙ = 1. If X ~ Y, then lim (xₙ/yₙ) = 1 ≠ 0, so 15.6(c) applies to the reciprocals and gives lim (yₙ/xₙ) = 1; hence Y ~ X. If also Y ~ Z, then xₙ/zₙ = (xₙ/yₙ)(yₙ/zₙ) and 15.6(a) gives lim (xₙ/zₙ) = 1 · 1 = 1.
三條性質各用一次 15.6。對稱性有一個容易漏掉的前提:要談 yₙ/xₙ,得先確定 xₙ 對夠大的 n 非零——這件事由 X ~ Y 本身供給,因為商趨於 1,最終會超過 1/2,於是 xₙ 不可能是零。15.6(c) 的取商要求分母的極限非零,這裡分母的極限是 1,過關。遞移那一步用的是 15.6(a) 的乘積,把兩個商相乘剛好把中間的 yₙ 消掉。
(b) In either case the sequence (xₙ/yₙ) converges, and by 14.6 every convergent sequence is bounded. Hence X = O(Y).
這一步只有一句話:§14-3 的 14.6(收斂必定有界)。X ~ Y 與 X = o(Y) 都在說商數列收斂(只是極限一個是 1、一個是 0),而 O 要的只是有界,比收斂弱。
(c) Suppose both lim (xₙ/yₙ) = 0 and lim (yₙ/xₙ) = 0. For all sufficiently large n the product (xₙ/yₙ)(yₙ/xₙ) equals 1, so the product sequence is eventually constant with limit 1. But 15.6(a) gives the limit of the product as 0 · 0 = 0, and by 14.5 a sequence has at most one limit. Since 1 ≠ 0, the two relations cannot both hold.