Proof. Suppose x = lim X and let ε > 0. By 14.4 there is N(ε) ∈ ℕ with x − ε < xₙ < x + ε for all n ≥ N(ε). Hence {n : x + ε < xₙ} and {n : xₙ < x − ε} are both contained in {1, …, N(ε) − 1} and are finite, so x + ε ∈ V and x − ε ∈ W.
這一步的所求:為 V 與 W 各找一個成員,而且要找得很貼近 x。收斂的 ε 帶(§14-2 的 14.4)剛好一次交出兩件事:從第 N(ε) 項起沒有一項爬得比 x + ε 高,也沒有一項掉得比 x − ε 低。所以違反這兩件事的編號都關在前 N(ε) − 1 個位置裡,有限。這正是 V 與 W 的入場條件。
Therefore lim sup X ≤ x + ε and x − ε ≤ lim inf X. Combining with 18.3(a) gives x − ε ≤ lim inf X ≤ lim sup X ≤ x + ε for every ε > 0, so both numbers equal x.
兩個估計合起來把 lim inf X 與 lim sup X 一起關進寬度 2ε 的區間,而 x 也在裡面。ε 任意小,三個數只能重合(理由與上一篇相同:若有落差 d > 0,取 ε < d/2 即矛盾)。這裡用到 18.3(a) 保證 lim inf X 不會跑到 lim sup X 右邊,否則「夾在中間」這句話串不起來。
Conversely, suppose x = lim inf X = lim sup X and let ε > 0. By 18.2(b) applied with ε/2, only finitely many n satisfy x + ε/2 < xₙ, so there is N₁ with xₙ ≤ x + ε/2 for n ≥ N₁. Symmetrically, the corollary to 18.2 gives N₂ with x − ε/2 ≤ xₙ for n ≥ N₂.
For a non-empty S ⊆ ℝ that is not bounded above, write sup S = +∞; for a non-empty T ⊆ ℝ that is not bounded below, write inf T = −∞. Moreover sup ∅ = −∞ and inf ∅ = +∞. With these conventions, lim sup X = +∞ whenever X is not bounded above, and lim inf X = −∞ whenever X is not bounded below. The symbols +∞ and −∞ are not real numbers.
正例:X = (n) 上無界。任何實數 v 都被無限多項超過(§6-3 的 6.6:ℕ 沒有上界),所以 V = ∅,而 inf ∅ = +∞ 恰好接上 lim sup X = +∞。反例:X = ((−1)ⁿ n) 兩邊都無界,於是 lim sup X = +∞ 而 lim inf X = −∞。不能因為兩個記號都寫著無窮就說它們「相等」——它們是兩個不同的符號,而 18.4 的等式在這裡根本沒有意義。
空集那兩條看起來像玩笑,其實是被逼出來的。§6-1 的 6.1 說 u 是 S 的上界,意思是 S 的每個成員都不超過 u——空集沒有成員,這句話對每個實數都成立。於是 ∅ 的上界是全體實數,「最小的上界」只能往負的方向逃逸,記成 −∞。同理 inf ∅ = +∞。這個約定不是為了好玩:上無界的數列使 V 恰好變成空集,兩條約定接起來剛好給出 lim sup X = +∞,不必另立規則。
DEFINITION
A sequence X = (xₙ) in ℝdiverges to+∞, written lim (xₙ) = +∞, if for every a ∈ ℝ there is K(a) ∈ ℕ such that xₙ > a for all n ≥ K(a). It diverges to−∞, written lim (xₙ) = −∞, if for every a ∈ ℝ there is K(a) ∈ ℕ such that xₙ < a for all n ≥ K(a).
不論把界線 a 畫得多高,數列從某一項起就全部站在它上面——這叫發散到 +∞。形式與 14.4 的 ε-K 判準相同,只是把「離 x 夠近」換成「比 a 大」。
正例:X = (n) 發散到 +∞——給定 a,由 6.6 取自然數 K(a) > a,則 n ≥ K(a) 時 xₙ = n ≥ K(a) > a。反例:X = ((−1)ⁿ n)不發散到 +∞,也不發散到 −∞——取 a = 0,不論 K 取多大,之後都還有負的項與正的項。無界不等於發散到某一邊。
A sequence X = (xₙ) in ℝ diverges to +∞ if and only if lim inf (xₙ) = +∞; in that case lim sup (xₙ) = +∞ as well. Symmetrically, X diverges to −∞ if and only if lim sup (xₙ) = −∞, and then lim inf (xₙ) = −∞ too.
Proof. Suppose lim (xₙ) = +∞ and let w ∈ ℝ. Taking a = w in the definition gives K(w) with xₙ > w for n ≥ K(w), so {n : xₙ < w} is contained in {1, …, K(w) − 1} and is finite. Hence w ∈ W. As w was arbitrary, W = ℝ, which is not bounded above, so lim inf X = sup W = +∞.
這一步的所求:證明 W 大到沒有上界。做法出乎意料地直接——每一個實數 w 都進得了 W,因為發散到 +∞ 保證從 K(w) 起沒有一項小於 w,違例全部關在前面有限多個位置裡。既然 W 就是整條實數線,它當然沒有上界,依前面的約定 sup W = +∞。順帶一提,X 也上無界(每個 a 都被超過),所以 V = ∅ 而 lim sup X = inf ∅ = +∞,第二句話跟著成立。
Conversely, suppose lim inf X = sup W = +∞, so W is not bounded above. Given a ∈ ℝ, choose w ∈ W with w > a. Since {n : xₙ < w} is finite, there is K(a) ∈ ℕ exceeding every member of it, and then xₙ ≥ w > a for all n ≥ K(a). Therefore lim (xₙ) = +∞.
這一步的所求:對每個界線 a 交出一個起算點。因為 W 沒有上界,a 攔不住它,所以 W 裡找得到比 a 更大的成員 w;而 w 的身分保證「掉到 w 以下的項只有有限多個」,把起算點設在這些違例之後,剩下的項全都不小於 w,當然也大於 a。留意這裡刻意挑了 w > a 而不是直接用 a:a 本身未必在 W 裡,得先換成一個確定在 W 裡的數。