「多近」這件事,§9-3 的 neighborhood(9.7)已經有現成的語言:x 的 neighborhood 就是「含著某個裝著 x 的 open set」的集合,要多小有多小。先用它把定義寫下來。
官方定義:limit 與 convergent(14.3)
14.3 DEFINITION
Let X = (xₙ) be a sequence in ℝᵖ. Call an element x of ℝᵖ a limit of X when every neighborhood V of x admits a natural number K_V past which the sequence never leaves V: that is, xₙ ∈ V holds for every n ≥ K_V. In that case X is said to converge to x. A sequence owning a limit is convergent; one owning none is divergent.
x 是數列 X = (xₙ) 的 limit(極限),意思是:對 x 的每一個 neighborhood V,都找得到一個自然數 K_V,使得從第 K_V 項起所有的 xₙ 都落在 V 裡。此時說 X converges(收斂)到 x;有極限的數列稱 convergent,沒有的稱 divergent(發散)。
Let X = (xₙ) be a sequence in ℝᵖ and let x ∈ ℝᵖ. Then x is a limit of X precisely when, to every ε > 0, there corresponds a natural number K(ε) such that ‖xₙ − x‖ < ε for all n ≥ K(ε).
x 是 X = (xₙ) 的極限的充要條件:對每個 ε > 0,都存在自然數 K(ε),使得 n ≥ K(ε) 時 ‖xₙ − x‖ < ε。
Proof. Suppose first that x is a limit in the sense of Definition 14.3, and let ε > 0 be given. The open ball V(ε) = {y ∈ ℝᵖ : ‖y − x‖ < ε} is one of the neighborhoods of x, so the definition supplies a natural number K with xₙ ∈ V(ε) for every n ≥ K. Membership in V(ε) says exactly that ‖xₙ − x‖ < ε, which is the asserted property.
第一個方向幾乎是翻譯。所求:從「每個 neighborhood 都辦得到」擠出「每個 ε 都辦得到」;辦法是只挑那些長得像球的 neighborhood 來用。任給 ε > 0,以 x 為心、ε 為半徑的 open ball V(ε) 是 open set 且含著 x,所以它是 x 的一個 neighborhood(9.7:含著某個裝著 x 的 open set 的集合)。因為 14.3 對每一個 neighborhood 都保證有 K,它對這一個當然也有。而「xₙ 落在 V(ε) 裡」與「‖xₙ − x‖ < ε」是同一句話寫兩次——判準到手。
Conversely, assume the ε-condition holds and let V be any neighborhood of x. By the definition of neighborhood, V contains an open set holding x, and therefore contains an open ball V(ε) of some radius ε > 0 centred at x. Feed that particular ε to the hypothesis: it returns K(ε) with ‖xₙ − x‖ < ε for all n ≥ K(ε), that is, xₙ ∈ V(ε) ⊆ V. So Definition 14.3 is met with K_V = K(ε).
反方向多一個步驟:V 是任意的 neighborhood,形狀可以很怪,不能直接拿來當球用。所求:在怪形狀的 V 裡面找出一顆球——這正是 §9-3 例 1 早就辦好的事:V 是 x 的 neighborhood ⟺ 有一顆以 x 為心的 open ball 整顆住進 V。取出那顆球的半徑當作 ε 餵給假設,換回一個 K(ε);此後每一項都落在球裡,而球又整個躺在 V 裡,於是每一項也都在 V 裡。14.3 要的 K_V 就取這個 K(ε)。具體:V 是邊長 0.2 的正方形時,內接的球半徑 ε = 0.1,拿 0.1 去問判準即可。