injective 管「來源不撞」,普查還缺另一半:輸出那邊有沒有漏接?§2-1 埋的伏筆——range 住在 B 裡但不必填滿 B——現在收線。
2.8 DEFINITION
A function f with domain D(f) ⊆ A and range R(f) ⊆ B is surjective onto B (or maps onto B) when R(f) = B. A surjective function is called a surjection.
A function f is bijective when it is both injective and surjective onto B. A bijective function is called a bijection, or a 1-1 correspondence between D(f) and B.
Let f be a function and let E, F be subsets of A. (a) If E ⊆ F, then f(E) ⊆ f(F). (b) f(E ∩ F) ⊆ f(E) ∩ f(F). (c) f(E ∪ F) = f(E) ∪ f(F). (d) f(E ∖ F) ⊆ f(E).
四小題全是「追一個點的下落」:任取右邊或左邊的成員,問它是誰的輸出。為省筆墨,以下把「x ∈ E ∩ D(f)」簡寫成「x 是 E 的可用成員」。
Proof. (a) A member of f(E) has the form f(x) for some usable x ∈ E; since E ⊆ F, this same x is a usable member of F, so f(x) ∈ f(F).
單調性一句話:範圍變大,輸出的收藏只增不減——同一個見證人 x 換一本更大的名冊照樣作證。例行核對。
(b) Since E ∩ F ⊆ E and E ∩ F ⊆ F, part (a) gives f(E ∩ F) ⊆ f(E) and f(E ∩ F) ⊆ f(F); hence f(E ∩ F) ⊆ f(E) ∩ f(F). (d) Likewise E ∖ F ⊆ E, so f(E ∖ F) ⊆ f(E).
(c) One direction is part (a) twice: E and F both sit inside E ∪ F, so f(E) ∪ f(F) ⊆ f(E ∪ F). Conversely, a member of f(E ∪ F) is f(x) for some usable x ∈ E ∪ F; this x lies in E or in F, so f(x) lies in f(E) or in f(F).
If H is a subset of B, the inverse image of H under f is the subset of D(f) given by f⁻¹(H) = {x : f(x) ∈ H}.
inverse image(逆像)f⁻¹(H):輸出落在 H 裡的輸入全體。記號借用了 f⁻¹,但不預設反函數存在——這裡的 f⁻¹(H) 是一個整體記號;當 f 真的 injective 時,它恰好等於 H 在反函數下的正像,兩種讀法對帳無誤。
正例:f(x) = x²、H = {4}——f⁻¹(H) = {2, −2}:不可逆的函數照樣拉得動集合,一次拉回兩個來源。反例:H = {y : y < 0}——f⁻¹(H) = ∅:目標集合再大,沒人打得進去就是空名單;逆像為空不代表 H 為空。
2.13 THEOREM
Let f be a function and let G, H be subsets of B. (a) If G ⊆ H, then f⁻¹(G) ⊆ f⁻¹(H). (b) f⁻¹(G ∩ H) = f⁻¹(G) ∩ f⁻¹(H). (c) f⁻¹(G ∪ H) = f⁻¹(G) ∪ f⁻¹(H). (d) f⁻¹(G ∖ H) = f⁻¹(G) ∖ f⁻¹(H).
Proof. (a) If x ∈ f⁻¹(G), then f(x) ∈ G ⊆ H, so x ∈ f⁻¹(H).
單調性:目標放寬,入選名單只增不減。例行翻譯。
(b) Membership translates directly: x ∈ f⁻¹(G ∩ H) means f(x) ∈ G ∩ H, that is f(x) ∈ G and f(x) ∈ H — which says precisely x ∈ f⁻¹(G) and x ∈ f⁻¹(H). (c) The same translation with "or" in place of "and" handles unions.